Effect of Kechuanning on airway remodeling and protein level of p-ERK1/2 in lung tissues of asthmatic rats induced by virus

AIM:To investigate the effect of Kechuanning on airway remodeling and the protein level of p-ERK1/2 in lung tissues of asthmatic rats induced by virus. METHODS:The asthmatic rat model induced by respiratory syncytial virus was established. The experimental rats were divided into normal group, asthma model group, low dose (0.33 mL/kg), middle dose (3.0 mL/kg) and high dose (10 mL/kg) of Kechuanning groups, and PD98059 (3 mg/kg) group. The airway responsiveness of the rats was measured by animal ventilator. The pathological changes of the lung tissues were observed by HE staining. PAS staining and Masson staining were used to observe goblet epithelial cells metaplasia and airway collagen deposition. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in the lung tissues of the rats was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The protein levels of ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were determined by Western blot. RESULTS:Compared with model group, the airway responsiveness of the rats in middle dose and high dose of Kechuanning groups was significantly decreased (P<0.01), the injury of lung tissues was significantly decreased, the goblet epithelial cells metaplasia and airway collagen deposition were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in the lung tissues was also significantly decreased (P<0.01). In addition, the protein level of p-ERK1/2 in high dose of Kechuanning group was significantly decreased compared with model group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Kechuanning may treat asthma by regulating the expression of p-ERK1/2 in the lung tissues and improving the airway remodeling symptoms of asthmatic rats induced by virus.     

牦牛CRH基因克隆及其在生殖轴中的表达研究

为了探讨促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（corticotropin-releasing hormone，CRH）基因在牦牛繁殖中的调控作用，试验分别采集5头成年母牦牛和5头成年母黄牛的下丘脑、脑垂体前叶、输卵管、卵巢和子宫等组织，通过RT-PCR技术及生物信息学软件对牦牛CRH基因编码区进行扩增、克隆及序列分析，并构建系统进化树；采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测CRH基因的组织表达。结果表明，牦牛CRH基因编码区全长573 bp，编码190个氨基酸。牦牛与黄牛、猫、鸡、人、小鼠、大鼠和猪的CRH基因核苷酸同源性分别为99.8%、43.3%、36.1%、46.2%、39.0%、38.5%和56.4%。系统进化树表明，牦牛与黄牛亲缘关系最近，并与其他物种类聚，符合物种进化规律。CRH蛋白分子式为C₉₂₀H₁₅₀₃N₂₇₉O₂₆₃S₃，分子质量为20776.95 u，理论等电点为10.95，其氨基酸组成中亮氨酸（L）、脯氨酸（P）、丙氨酸（A）和精氨酸（R）所占比例较高，分别为15.8%、12.6%、12.1%和10.5%。CRH蛋白为不稳定亲水蛋白，存在信号肽和跨膜结构。CRH蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋、β-转角、延伸链和无规则卷曲分别占41.05%、1.05%、8.42%和49.48%，三级结构分析结果与其相一致。CRH基因mRNA在牦牛下丘脑中表达量最高，显著高于其他组织（P<0.05），在子宫中表达量最低。牦牛脑垂体前叶CRH基因mRNA表达量极显著高于黄牛（P<0.01），在卵巢、输卵管中表达量显著高于黄牛（P<0.05），而两个品种在下丘脑、子宫中的表达量差异不显著（P>0.05）。提示CRH基因在牦牛繁殖调控中具有重要作用。     

Dietary protein requirement for juvenile mandarin fish,Siniperca scherzeri

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary protein requirement of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri, a demersal freshwater piscivore with high commercial value in East Asia. Five isolipidic (100 g/kg) and isoenergetic (20 MJ/kg) practical diets were formulated to contain graded levels of 450, 500, 550, 600, and 650 g/kg crude protein, using mackerel fishmeal as the sole source of protein. Each of the five test diets was fed to visual satiety to triplicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight ± SE; 20.1 ± 0.2 g) reared in a recirculating freshwater system over the experimental period. Fish growth performance in terms of weight gain tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level, and the highest values were observed in those fish fed the 600–650 g/kg diets. Feed intake significantly declined as the protein content of the diet increased. Feed efficiency and protein retention tended to increase with increasing dietary protein levels, from 450 to 600 g/kg, and then declined when dietary protein content further increased to 650 g/kg. A similar trend was also found for the protein efficiency ratio, although the observed changes did not reach statistical significance. Whole‐body composition and plasma biochemical parameters were not significantly affected by the dietary protein content. Based on these findings and a broken‐line model of growth, 614.4 g/kg seems to be the proper amount of protein in a practical diet for >20 g mandarin fish.     

施用小麦秸秆或其生物炭对烟田土壤理化特性及有机碳组分的影响

  【目的】  以2年田间定位试验为依托，研究小麦秸秆及其生物炭连续施用对植烟土壤理化性状和有机碳组分的影响，为烟区土壤质量提升提供依据。  【方法】  田间试验在山东省诸城市潮褐土烟田上进行。试验设4个处理，分别为:常规施肥且秸秆不还田(CK)，常规施肥+小麦秸秆还田(FS)，常规施肥+小麦秸秆生物炭2.25 t/hm2 (FB1)和4.50 t/hm2 (FB2)。在烟叶收获后，采集0—20 cm耕层土样，测定了土壤基础理化指标和总有机碳(TOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、热水溶性有机碳(HWC)、活性有机碳(LOC)及轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量，并计算土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)。  【结果】  连续施用小麦秸秆或其生物炭2年后，FB1和FB2处理TOC含量显著高于CK，增幅分别为74.9%和116.0%，而FS与CK处理间差异不显著。LFOC含量的变化趋势与TOC类似，FB1和FB2处理LFOC含量分别较CK处理显著增加154%和326%。FS处理HWC含量显著高于CK和FB1处理，而与FB2处理差异不显著。与CK相比，FS处理HWC含量增加了107%。FS和FB2处理MBC含量较CK分别增加了252%和144%，而FB1处理与CK相比差异不显著。FS处理LOC含量较CK显著增加了68.9%，而FB1、FB2处理LOC含量与CK相比差异不显著。FS处理还能显著降低土壤容重、增加土壤含水量及有效磷含量，其对部分土壤理化特性的改良效果优于生物炭处理(FB1和FB2)。此外，CPMI也以FS处理最高，较CK显著增加了73.5%，而FB1、FB2处理与CK处理差异不显著。  【结论】  连续秸秆还田有利于提升烟田土壤活性有机碳(MBC、HWC和LOC)含量，降低土壤容重，提高有效磷含量，提高土壤CPMI。而同量秸秆转化为生物炭后连续还田能够提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳含量，更有利于土壤有机碳的长期固存。     

南方典型丘陵区耕地土壤全氮、有机碳和碳氮比空间变异特征及其影响因素

  【目的】  了解土壤全氮、有机碳和碳氮比空间变异及其影响因素是进行土壤碳氮调控的前提和基础。  【方法】  以江西省丰城市为案例区，通过实地采样获取2018年139个表层土壤数据，运用地统计学、普通克里格插值等方法对南方丘陵区县域尺度下耕地土壤全氮、有机碳和碳氮比的空间变异特征及其影响因素进行系统的分析。  【结果】  研究区土壤全氮 (TN) 含量介于0.74～3.80 g/kg、土壤有机碳 (SOC) 含量介于8.14～36.67 g/kg、土壤碳氮比 (C/N) 介于6.31 ～15.15，均值分别为2.24 g/kg、22.52 g/kg和10.15，变异系数分别为25.45%、26.24%、14.38%，均呈中等程度的空间变异。半方差分析结果显示，TN、SOC、C/N的块金效应分别为44.44%、56.97%、19.57%，这表明TN、SOC和C/N的空间分布受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。普通克里格插值结果显示，在空间分布上，研究区土壤TN和SOC具有相似性，总体表现出由中部向南北递减的趋势；土壤C/N空间分布与TN和SOC有所不同，总体呈现出西高东低的趋势。逐步回归分析结果显示，成土母质、土壤类型、土壤pH、氮肥施用量和土壤质地对土壤全氮，成土母质、土壤类型、土壤pH对土壤有机碳，土壤类型对土壤碳氮比影响极显著 (P<0.01)。  【结论】  成土母质对土壤TN和SOC的独立解释能力最高，分别为28.1%和23.2%；土壤类型对研究区土壤C/N的独立解释能力达到了13.2%。因此，成土母质是引起研究区土壤全氮、有机碳空间变异的主要因素，土壤类型则是引起研究区土壤碳氮比空间变异的主要因素。     

生物炭对酸化茶园土壤性状和细菌群落结构的影响

  【目的】   生物炭作为一种高效、绿色、多功能的土壤调理剂受到了广泛关注，但生物炭对酸化茶园土壤改良的长期效应还缺乏了解。研究施用生物炭5年后对茶园土壤性状和细菌群落结构的影响，为生物炭在酸化土壤改良上的合理应用提供科学依据。   【方法】   茶园生物炭田间试验在福建安溪县进行，茶园种植年限超过7年，茶树品种为铁观音，土壤为黄壤 。试验设生物炭施用量0、2.5、5、10、20和40 t/hm2共6个水平，一次施入土壤，5年后调查了茶园土壤pH、电导率 (EC)、可溶性有机碳含量、细菌群落结构变化及它们间的相关关系。   【结果】   施用生物炭5年后，茶园土壤pH提高了0.16～1.11个单位，可溶性有机碳含量提高了52.6%～92.3%，EC值降低了1.85%～47.77%，其中施用10～40 t/hm2生物炭处理的pH值均显著高于0～5 t/hm2处理。施用生物炭5年对土壤性质的改变，进一步影响了细菌群落结构，细菌群落Chao指数、ACE指数表现为随生物炭施用量增加而增加得趋势，Shannon指数呈现先增加后降低的趋势。施用生物炭促进了适宜酸中性或弱碱性环境的节杆菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、黄色杆菌科细菌相对丰度的增加，降低了嗜酸性细菌如酸杆菌属细菌的相对丰度。细菌群落结构与环境因子的关联分析表明，施用0～10 t/hm2生物炭处理细菌群落结构受pH、EC环境因子的影响较大；施用20～40 t/hm2生物炭处理细菌群落结构受土壤可溶性有机碳等环境因子的影响较大；其中硝化螺旋菌属、α-变形菌门、酸杆菌属、康奈斯氏杆菌属等的相对丰度与土壤pH、EC值间具有显著相关性。   【结论】   在酸化茶园施用生物炭5年后，土壤pH、EC和可溶性有机碳含量发生了显著变化，增加了细菌群落多样性指数，且适宜酸中性或弱碱性环境的细菌丰度增加，嗜酸性细菌丰度降低；其中施用0～10 t/hm2生物炭的处理土壤pH、EC是显著影响细菌群落结构的环境因子，施用20～40 t/hm2生物炭的处理土壤可溶性有机碳含量是显著影响细菌群落结构的环境因子。     

Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

Effects of different long-term cropping systems on phosphorus adsorption and desorption characteristics in red soils

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Phosphorus (P) fertilizer has been applied in regions with red soils to ensure high crop yield. However, the supply of bioavailable P for crop plants is...     

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles and initial soil moisture content on soil aggregate stability in natural grassland and Chinese pine forest on the Loess Plateau of China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Ongoing global warming is decreasing the thickness of snow covers and increasing initial soil moisture content (SMC), which increase the number of freeze-thaw...